[ anatomical and histological study of laryngeal saccule of the donkey [equus asinus]]

Although donkeys play an important role as pack and draught animals, there is sparse information available on the histological and anatomical data for their respiratory tract. This study examined the larynxes of 4 healthy donkeys to provide data using histological techniques and anatomical dissection. The histological specimens were taken after fixation in 10% formalin and tissue passages were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and then studied under a light microscope. The laryngeal muscles and mucosa, for anatomically studying the saccules, were dissected and photographed. Compared with the horse, the donkey epiglottis is relatively shorter and more sharply pointed. Ashallow, thumb shaped depression on the rostral of each vocal fold corresponds in position to the laryngeal ventricle in the horse. In the donkey, large paired laryngeal saccules, interposed between the thyroarytenoideus M. and the thyroid cartilage, open into the laryngeal cavity through a small circular orifice. There is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lined saccule. Sero-Mucus secreting glands, subepithelial lympho-venous plexuses and lymph follicles were present in its orifice wall. Furthermore, the large thyroarytenoideus M. is subdivided into ventricular and vocal parts, which are thought to control the expression of secretion from the laryngeal saccule. It seems that unusual characteristics of vocalization in the donkey may be related to the shape and orientation of these larynx resonance chambers. Further investigations are needed to clarify this point

Fentanyl supplement expedites the onset time of sensory and motor blocking in interscalene lidocaine anesthesia

Opioids are usually used in regional anesthesia, with or without local anesthetics to improve the regional block or postoperative pain control. Since no data are available on fentanyl's effect on the onset time of lidocaine interscalene anesthesia, the purpose of this study was to examine its effect on the onset time of sensory and motor blockade during interscalene anesthesia. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, ninety patients scheduled for elective shoulder, arm and forearm surgeries under an interscalene brachial plexus block .They were randomly allocated to receive either 30 ml of 1.5% lidocaine with 1.5 ml of isotonic saline [control group, n = 39] or 30 ml of 1.5% lidocaine with 1.5 ml [75 micro g] of fentanyl [fentanyl group, n = 41]. Then the onset time of sensory and motor blockades of the shoulder, arm and forearm were evaluated every 60 sec. The onset time of the sensory and motor blockades was defined as the time between the last injection and the total abolition of the pinprick response and complete paralysis. The duration of sensory blocks were considered as the time interval between the administration of the local anesthetic and the first postoperative pain sensation. Ten patients were excluded because of unsuccessful blockade or unbearable pain during the surgery. The onset time of the sensory block was significantly faster in the fentanyl group [186.54 +/- 62.71sec] compared with the control group [289.51 +/- 81.22, P < 0.01]. The onset times of the motor block up to complete paralysis in forearm flexion was significantly faster in the fentanyl group [260.61 +/- 119.91sec] than the control group [367.08 +/- 162.43sec, P < 0.01]. There was no difference in the duration of the sensory block between two groups. Results of the study showed that the combination of 75 micro g fentanyl and 1.5% lidocaine solution accelerated the onset of sensory and motor blockade during interscalene anesthesia

[Frequency of enterohaemorrhagic Escherlchia coil isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in Tabriz hospitals]

Diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in all age groups worldwide. Bacteria can cause 24% of infectious diarrhea which accounts for 70% mortality in affected children of <5 years old. Among the bacterial agents Salmonella spp, entero pathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter spp, Shigella spp and clostridia are the main causes of diarrhea. Escherichia coli O175 is an emerging cause of foodborne illness that presents with acute diarrhea. It transmits through the contaminated water, direct or indirect contact with animals and also through person to person contact. In addition to diarrhea, 2-7% of the patients infected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli [EHEC] will possibly develop haemolytic uremic syndrome [HUS] or acute renal failure. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of enteric pathogens with special reference to enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157. A total of 1020 fecal specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea in Imam Khomeini and Children hospital of Tabriz. Direct examination was carried out for leukocytes, erythrocytes, parasite ova and trophozoites by wet mount preparation and the specimens also were cultured in selective and differential culture media for pathogenic bacteria. E. coli isolates were further typed using specific antisera and EHEC isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing against routinely used antibiotics. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were detected in 91[8.9%] and 51[5%] of cases. Pathogenic enteric bacteria were also isolated and recorded as E. coli O157 [n=6, 0.58%], E. coli O111 [n=15, 1.47%], E. coli O26 [n=13, 1.27%], Campylobacter jejuni [n=35, 3.4%], Salmonella spp. [n= 177 17.3%] and Shigella spp [9.5%]. All EHEC isolates were recovered from children <5 years old. In serological tests, 139 [13.5%] isolates of E. coli showed autoagglutination, which suggest their probable dependence to EAEC [entero aggregative E. coli]. Based on information collected from the EHEC positive patients' files, no sign of anemia or kidney disorder was detected. Entero pathogenic E. coli isolates are not usually tested in most of the routine diagnostic laboratories, so these medically important bacteria remain undiscovered, unless in an epidemic situation. Our findings of 3.3% enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and the presense of 0.58% E. coli O157 shows less frequency for these pathogenic bacteria and are in accordance with reports from other countries